An anthocyanidin with diverse biological activities; scavenges superoxide anions in cell-free assays (IC50 = 130 UG/ml); inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates (IC50 = 85 µM); reduces serum levels of ALT and AST, hepatocyte apoptosis, and hepatic levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in a mouse model of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity at 3 mg/kg; increases survival and reduces pulmonary fibrosis and leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of LPS-induced endotoxemia; reduces serum levels of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 and increases renal MPO, SOD, and CAT activities, as well as increases survival, in a mouse model of cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis from 0.04-0.4 mg/kg; decreases escape latency in the Morris water maze, reduces hippocampal MDA levels, and increases hippocampal AChE activity in a rat model of Aβ (25-35)-induced Alzheimer's disease